Monday, September 30, 2019

Leadership qualities of harry s. truman

Harry S. Truman became President of the United States with the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 12, 1945. During his nearly eight years in office, Truman confronted enormous challenges in both foreign and domestic affairs. The leadership paradigm of the Truman years represented a blend of 19th century principles and postwar austerity. He was admired for his ability to maintain his Midwestern demure while being one of the world’s most prominent leaders as President of the United States. Truman was a compromise candidate for vice president, almost an accidental president after Roosevelt’s death 12 weeks into his second term. Truman’s stunning come-from-behind victory in the 1948 election showed how ordinary Americans, perhaps, appreciated his personal qualities of integrity and straightforwardness as McCullough notes, because he was one himself. Most Americans in the 1950s did not expect that Harry Truman would become one of their most highly regarded presidents. Truman's assets were his firm personal principles, his honesty, humility, intellectual integrity, and homespun character, and his ability to speak plain truths. Regardless of his lack of preparation, these qualities enabled him to face the challenges of the cold war, make portentous decisions, and retain the respect of the electorate, who accepted him as one of them. He could be magnanimous, as in his gesture of consulting with former President Herbert Hoover, long barred from the Roosevelt White House. He could be intrepid, as in his determination to remove General Douglas MacArthur from command in Korea, in order to preserve the superiority of the civilian government over the military. In 1948 Truman won the most unexpected election upset of the century. He ultimately prevailed. Truman succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt as president before the end of World War II. He responded quickly to new challenges. Impulsive, he proved willing to make quick decisions when necessary. Additionally, he took responsibility for his decisions. His slogan, â€Å"The Buck Stops Here†, is famous in American politics. Intellectual integrity is another area in which Truman’s values are evident. A chief strength of his was the ability to admit the need for help.   By incorporating the strengths of his staff, Truman was able to make educated and well thought out decisions. He attempted to galvanize himself as a knowledgeable and effective leader. Acheson never ceased to be impressed that Truman had no trace of imperiousness about him and never let his ego to come between him and his job. Truman’s handling of Palestine is another example of his effective leadership. The issue of whether or not to create a unified Jewish state was divisive and risky. Although he left the presidency in 1953 at low ebb in his popularity, his standing rose again over the years. After his death on December 26, 1972, he achieved the status of folk hero. Songs proclaimed: â€Å"America Needs You Harry Truman.† A Broadway play, â€Å"Give ‘Em Hell, Harry† was based on his life story, and biographies of him became best sellers. Truman’s legacy has become clearer and more impressive in the years since he left office. Most scholars admit that the President faced enormous challenges domestically, internationally, and politically. While he occasionally failed to measure accurately the nation’s political tenor and committed some significant policy blunders, Truman achieved notable successes. Domestically, he took important first steps in civil rights, protected many of the New Deal’s gains, and presided over an economy that would enjoy nearly two decades of unprecedented growth. In foreign affairs, the President and his advisers established many of the basic foundations of America foreign policy, especially in American-Soviet relations, that would guide the nation in the decades ahead. On the whole, Truman is currently celebrated by the public, politicians, and scholars alike. REFERENCE McCullough, D. (1992). Truman. New York: Simon & Schuster.            

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Educational stages Essay

The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six years of primary education, four years of Junior high school, and two years of Senior high school) to provide sufficient time for tmastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare garduaes for the tertiary education, middle-levels skills development, employment, and entreprenuership. The K+12 educational program is perceived by the Aquino administration as the â€Å"long term solution to poverty.† This program aims to give every student a quality education that will make them globally competitive. This will be done by decongesting the curricilum and using quality materials for learning such as textbooks. Aside from this, high quality teacher will be given priority. High standards will also be set in Mathematics, English and Science in all levels. Thus eliminating the perception the highschool education is preparatory for college. ISSUES AND CONCERNS One of the major campaign platform of Pres. Aquino is the K to 12 educational program and it is also one of the most controversial initiatives. On May 15, President Aquino signed into law the program mandating Filipino pupils to attend kindergarten, six years of elementary school education, four years of junior high school and two years of senior high school. The signing officially ended the country’s 10-year basic education cycle, which now exists only in Angola and Djibouti. K to 12 hopes to decongest the curriculum, by spreading lessons over 12 years, instead of cramming them into 10. K to 12 hopes to do away with college remedial classes, by improving the quality of high-school instruction. K to 12 hopes to protect the rights of Filipino children who, at 18, are legally and emotionally still kids, unprepared for work or university.. Some problems that abound with K to 12: Lack of family, school, government resources; the herculean task of implementation; the need to address more urgent concerns such as early and massive dropouts. Many  schools are currently not ready for Grades 11 and 12. Aside from lack of classrooms, their teachers are not trained to handle higher-level subjects, like calculus for students who want to major in the sciences in university. K to 12 would be far more difficult to implement in already overcrowded and poorly equipped public schools, where many teachers are insufficiently trained, classes are often held in multiple shifts and most students struggle to make ends meet. The biggest problem of K to 12 has always been, and will always be, the cost. Even if public education is free, families have to spend for transportation and supplies. An additional two years is a burden for most Filipino families, who want their children to finish school quickly so they can work.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

The Great Game, Diplomats and Alliances, 1815-1914 Essay

The Great Game, Diplomats and Alliances, 1815-1914 - Essay Example The researcher will also examine whether later generations unfairly minimized their contributions to peace or they played their role in establishing peace. Scope of the Essay As history and political science is a very vast subject, which stems from the first day of the human history, it is not possible to cover the whole subject in one essay. Therefore, the researcher has planned to include the chronological area of 1815 to 1814 in order to discuss the major diplomacies and political alliances formed during that particular time. Moreover, if we talk about the countries that this essay would cover, again history involves the political and social situations of all countries of the world, which is not easy to be covered in one essay. Therefore, the researcher has planned to narrow his/her focus to five major political powers of that time which include Russia and Great Britain (the two peripheral powers) and Austria, France, and Prussia (Central European Powers). The whole research will revolve around the major political and diplomatic roles of these five countries in political development, as well as in establishing peace in the world. The essay will also include the political systems of these countries and their influence on the political setups of neighboring countries. Moreover, the essay will also include a discussion on why later generations seemed to have minimized their efforts in meeting the requirements of establishing peace in the world.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Information and operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Information and operation management - Essay Example Thus, the core operations of JLR are performed in automobile manufacturing and assembly plants, whereas are developed, produced and assembled vehicle parts. These operations are performed at three vehicle manufacturing plants and two design and engineering centres. In addition to design and manufacturing operations, the company performs many other operations across business functions, such as supply chain management, financial management, HR management, IT management, inbound and outbound logistics, distribution, marketing and sales, CSR, customer service, etc. Production operations management related to planning and management of key production manufacturing activities. In case of JLR these activities include everything from the moment of transforming available raw materials (input) to ready products (outputs). Quality of the products produced is one of the most critical factors in production operations. As the company’s management is focused on sustainable production and operations, it is worth to mention that in addition to managing manufacturing process, the company manages the environmental impact caused in result of JLR’s operations. In addition to the above mentioned activities of production operations management at JLR, the company aims to develop new products and find new sustainable product solutions. Therefore, the key objectives of production operations management at JLR include the following: ensuring the availability of development and manufacturing capacity, product design and manufacturing, tests, assembly, co ntrol and improvement of the quality level of the final product, etc. Supply chain management implies different functions and activities from those defined in production operations. Supply chain includes the following main activities: materials management, inventory management, scheduling and releasing, logistics, order management,

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Commercial Landlord and Tenant Law Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Commercial Landlord and Tenant Law - Term Paper Example He says that if Mr Jagger wants to take the room the shortest term he will agree is one year, and he requires Mr Jagger to sign an agreement (which he produces and gives to Mr Jagger). Mr Jagger likes the room, and says he's 'happy with a one-year deal', but also says he wants to look at the form of agreement and possibly take advice on it before signing it, but he does need to move in immediately. He offers Mr Richards a month rent 'upfront'. Mr Richards accepts this, and allows Jagger to move in immediately. He says, however, that Jagger's occupation will be on the terms of 'that agreement in your hand unless we agree something different', and they agree that in due course they will formalise the arrangement by signing an appropriate document. Mr Jagger looks at the agreement. It is headed 'Licence', indicates a 'licence period' of one year, a weekly licence fee of 75 and states (amongst other things) that Mr Richards is at liberty to require Mr Jagger to share the room with any third party whom Mr Richards wishes to put into occupation. Explain, by full reference to the background law, the status of the interest (if any) which Mr Jagger has in the room in Mr Richards' house and how such interest came to be (or failed to be) created and whether, in consequence, it is open to Mr Jagger to leave without further liability either immediately or at some point prior to the expiry of a year after he moved in. Answer In regards to common law, the licence is not legally binding because Mr Jagger did not sign it. Mr Jagger holds a licence to use the assigned room in Mr Richards home. A licence is only a personal permission, not transferable and is not binding. If Mr. Jaggar would be a tenant, he could have a legal estate which can be inherited or transferred, and is binding on third parties. A tenancy will have a great deal of statutory protection, particularly relating to security of tenure; a licence can be terminated easily (subject to any contractual agreement) and even the residential licensee has only minimal statutory protection under the Protection from Eviction Act 1977, not amounting to security of tenure. Mr Jagger's interest came to be when he and Mr Richards verbally agreed to a "one year deal". A licence is merely permission to use the premise it is not a lease. If no contract were created at all, it would still be considered a licence because the grantor obtains the right to use the entire premise. The giving and accepting of rent does not define a tenancy. Since this is only a licence to use the premise Mr Jagger has no further obligation to Mr Richards. If it is a tenancy it would be created formally by deed (unless within the exceptions under Law of Property Act 1925 S.54). If

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Fiat Business Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fiat Business Case - Essay Example Additionally, it was also felt that the company was very late in addressing the quality issues related to its products. This delay in improving the quality of its products dissuaded customers from buying Fiat’s cars. This was also a major reason because of which Fiat was not able succeed in the American car market despite its affordability and this also lead the company to withdraw itself from the American car market. Towards the end of 1990s, the company also experienced a financial crunch due to its diversification measures. The acquisitions made by Fiat Auto during the period contributed to its problem since the performance of some of the acquired businesses was rather disappointing and additionally they also resulted in added costs for the company. Another factor responsible for this situation of the company was that the company bought a few firms when it was at the top of its business cycles and consequently had to shell out a lot of money to acquire them. The debts of Fiat were largely the result of such acquisitions made by the Italian automobile giant. Factors that are related to planning and control play a vital role in the decline of the Italian automotive giant. The role played by the R&D department is to be seriously taken into account while discussing about the crisis or performance decline of Fiat. The reason behind this can be described as the â€Å"supremacy† of the Engineers at the R&D wing. The most serious problem recognized is the â€Å"supremacy† of Engineering over customers’ needs. The requests of Marketing are often rejected because considered as wrong from an engineering perspective. This is an issue of huge concern because Marketing is the one that gives information about customers’ needs, expectations, and market trends. Whenever a company’s value chain is observed, equal

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Cultural Differences and People Management Reflective Journal Essay

Cultural Differences and People Management Reflective Journal - Essay Example Personally, I had experienced events where cultural differences resulted to conflicts and miscommunication. However, I haven’t understood that cultural differences have the power to intervene at such level in the social and economic life of individuals. Although I feel rather disappointed from the increased power of cultural differences in all areas, I think that hopes can exist for the effective control of crises related to cultural differences. At the same time, I feel that the current effects of cultural differences on the professional and personal life of people could be controlled not just by developing relevant initiatives locally, i.e. in regard to each particular case, but rather through supporting the introduction of relevant legislation. Existing laws seem to be opposed to cultural differences but a closer review of their content would lead to the assumption that the enforcement of these laws can take long while the resources necessary may be difficult to be retrieve d. In addition to the above, the review I made in regard to the specific subject has led me to the following assumption: cultural differences can affect a high range of activities but their existence is not always clear. It is possible for certain organizational or personal problems to be related to other elements of social environment and not to cultural differences. The close examination of these problems can reveal that the role of cultural differences in the appearance and the expansion of these problems can be critical. Evaluation Based on my personal experiences in regard to cultural differences I had the impression that cultural differences can lose their power to affect the personal and economic life of a person if they are treated appropriately with no delay. In other words, I thought that the immediate response to the problems caused by cultural differences would lead to the quick resolution of these problems, prohibiting the expansion of the phenomenon to other areas. How ever, this assumption was not verified in practice. Despite the progress made in regard to the introduction of laws for securing equality and fairness in the workplace and in the context of the family, still cultural differences are quite powerful in influencing the personal and economic life of people of different background. On the other hand, due to the extension of the phenomenon, theorists and researchers had asked to state their view in regard to the current role of cultural differences and to the their expected influences in the future. The intervention of theorists in the exploration of the particular problem can be characterized as quite important, giving the chance for a thorough review of this theme’s aspects and for the identification of methodologies for facing the theme’s challenges. Indeed, it has been proved that through the decades a series of studies has been developed for explaining the reasons and the implications of cultural differences. At the sam e time, suggestions have been made for facing the effects of the phenomenon no matter the local social ethics and culture. Two have been the key findings of the research developed in this field: a) the intervention of cultural differences in political and economic decisions is unavoidable, b) the level at which this intervention can be expanded is depended on the willingness of the people living and acting in the social setting involved for respecting

Monday, September 23, 2019

Recruitment a Science, Selection an Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Recruitment a Science, Selection an Art - Essay Example This is possible by minimizing the possible errors and misplays that can occur during the processes of recruitment and selection and selecting the best personality in the benefits and interests of the organization (Roberts, pp. 26, 1997). The paper reveals the truth about the processes of recruitment and selection; by emphasizing on the difference of mechanism involved in carrying out these two interesting and sensitive processes. By using academic materials and researches carried out, the paper accentuates on the fact that during the execution of any hiring process in any business or organization; the process of employees recruitment or enlisting of potential candidate or applicants is a science but the processes or techniques involved in carryout selection of the candidates applied is an art. In order to throw light on both the subjects, it is essential to have a deep understanding and develop profound sense of the processes as to evaluate the processes as science and art. The paper first analyzes the process of recruitment in detail and studies the tools, proficiencies, and steps essential in carrying out the process of effective recruitment. Recruitment is a process of short listing or enlisting the candidates applied for a certain job opening from all the applications and job resumes received. It creates a pool of talented people extracted from the job market. The people enlisted in talent pool during and recruitment process usually matches the requirement, terms, conditions, and priorities of the business or organization. Usually, there are three different kinds or forms of recruitment carried out in organizations today, the internal recruitment, external, and the referral recruitment. Internal recruitment involves recruiting the best talented people of an organization for a sensitive and high profile project of the same organization. As the recruitment process is internal to the organization, that process is internal recruitment (Wilkinson, pp. 172, 2005). Similarly, when the recruitment includes enlisting the talent pool from existing job market outside the organization, the recruitment-taking place is the external recruitment. Referral recruitment is a process where company hires the services of an external recruiting agency in order to fill up the job vacancy with the desired candidate. The first step or technical proficiency involved in carrying out the process of recruitment is creating a job opening or making an announcement about the job position available in any business or organization. This step involves the broadcasting or delivering of information about the job openings through different technological mediums of media. The job opening information includes comprehensive details about the nature of the job, the technical skills and experience required, and description of certain other criteria necessary for the job position. After making the job-opening announcement, the recruiting committee receives a number of job letters that includes resumes of candidates willing to apply for the job. The recruiting committee shortlists the resumes that are inappropriate or that do not share any relevancy with the requirement of the organization as posted in

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Globalisation and Its Effects on Organisations Essay

Globalisation and Its Effects on Organisations - Essay Example The researcher states that globalisation has created the best opportunities for all companies worldwide by increasing the level of employment and profitability of companies drastically over few years. Companies are able to utilise labour, capital and resources to the best of their ability. They also effectively changed their ways of operation than that in the past. Organisations not only introduced office automation but at the same time, incorporated various improvements in techniques of management. They started to stress more on the division of work and labour. As a result, greater emphasis was put on centralization, decentralisation, control, coordination, culture and communication. With the essence of globalisation, there was development in the structure of organizations. Centralisation became the choice for most companies as this helped them to coordinate and control easily, reduce all sorts of duplication, perform consistently, incorporate necessary changes in the system effortl essly and accordingly fulfil goals and targets. There were various other opportunities that globalisation has brought along in the form of labour available at the cheapest possible price. The developed countries extensively took advantage of cheap labour available in the developing countries for manufacturing their products at lowest possible prices and then sell them at high margins.   Countries like U.S.A. also began with the revolution of outsourcing. Outsourcing enabled them to reduce the level of unemployment in various countries as well as receive the services at least possible cost.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Competencies &amp Essay Example for Free

Competencies amp Essay 1) Legal and regulatory factors: The medical device industry is classified as class 3 , high risk implant so its obvious that a lot of investment goes into testing and experiments with sufficient evidences to prove its safety in-vivo. There are instances when a device fails and a single lawsuit causes the entire company to close down. Thus its advisable to invest time and money , before taking the implant out to the market 2) Investment of Time Money: As approval process is a long drawn procedure, it is necessary to have well trained quality managers and regulatory system advisors as employees. Sometimes services of external consultants or Regulatory advising companies might be used. 3) In-house surgeons/medical practitioners: As these devices cater to specific ailments and are highly specialized, it is important that we have in-house surgeons to understand the requirements of a product before we begin to design it. Infact the engineers and the surgeons should work hand in hand to come up with a better product. The crucial factors which determines success in biomedical industry. 1) Availability of constant flow of Funds: For a new product to be in market, it might take 3-4 yrs, so during this period there should be a constant supply of funds to pay the employees and keep the company running. 2) Excellent marketing strategies : Its important that these products are marketed through right channels, thus its highly imperative that the products are showcased at various trade shows/conferences 3) Understanding the regulatory process: The main aim would be to bring the product soon to the market, by making a full-proof plan before the submission process for approval, as this phase is the lengthiest of all the processes. D. PEST ANALYSIS: Scope of Growth: The medical device industry out here thrives on reverse engineering concept the result is a number of ME TOO products. Infact companies end up investing on buying patents from European and American companies and do not believe in investing money for research and development of such products. There is huge market to be tapped as there is a lot of demand for these products most of which is imported from the Europe and the U. S. This area being the fastest growing market, the projected growth is expected to touch up to $16 billion in 2015 revenues. Source: Millennium Research Group. Spine Care Segments 2015 There is expected to be an increase in surgical treatment options, like facet replacement and dynamic stabilization procedures, which will likely be more acceptable to patients, perhaps doubling the % of patients accepting surgery from 3. 6% to 7% of a much larger, elderly population. As clinical results improve, this market is expected to continue to grow 20% per year and offer a tremendous opportunity to companies with innovative product lines. In 2015, industry experts project lumbar fusions will not grow, but stay at the same 2006 level of 400,000 procedures; dynamic stabilization devices will grow from 25,000 to 250,000 cases; and artificial lumbar and cervical discs grow from 25,000 to 600,000 cases, as these new procedures begin to replace spinal fusion. PART 2: A: BUSINESS OWNERSHIP: Sole proprietorship is a one-person business is registered with the state like a limited liability company (LLC) or corporation. Legally, a sole proprietorship is inseparable from its owner the business and the owner are one and the same. This means the owner of the business reports business income and losses on his or her personal tax return and is personally liable for any business-related obligations, such as debts or court judgments. This accounts 74% of all USA businesses and for 6% of all sales in USA. Advantages: (1) decisions are made by only the owner; (2) simple process to start – just get a business license (3) profits belong to the owner; (4) pride of ownership; (5) lower taxes. Disadvantages: (1) unlimited liability (2) limited life of business (3) difficult to raise capital for business; (4) risk of lost is not shared. Partnership: a partnership is simply a business owned by two or more people Just like in a sole proprietorship, the partnerships owners pay taxes on their shares of the business income on their personal tax returns and they are each personally liable for the entire amount of any business debts and claims. 8% of all USA businesses are partnerships and accounts for 4% of all sales in USA Advantages: (1) easy to start (2) not many regulations; (3) not as difficult to raise capital for business; (4) combination of knowledge and skills. Disadvantages: (1) unlimited liability; (2) profits are shared; (3) limited life of the business; (4) disagreements Incorporation: Though forming a corporation is a bit more complicated and costly, but it is well worth the trouble for some small businesses. The main benefit of an LLC or a corporation is that these structures limit the owners personal liability for business debts and court judgments against the business. What sets the corporation apart from all other types of businesses is that a corporation is an independent legal and tax entity, separate from the people who own, control and manage it. Because of this separate status, the owners of a corporation dont use their personal tax returns to pay tax on corporate profits the corporation itself pays these taxes. Owners pay personal income tax only on money they draw from the corporation in the form of salaries, bonuses, and the like. Corporations make sense for business owners who either (1) run a risk of being sued by customers or of piling up a lot of business debts, or (2) have substantial personal assets they want to protect from business creditors. 18% of all USA businesses are corporations and accounts for 90% of all sales in USA. Advantages: (1) easy to raise capital (2) limited liability; (3) unlimited life of business; (4) Can hire specialized skills and knowledge; (5) shared risks. Disadvantages: (1) difficult to start; (2) less direct control; (3) double taxation: corporate tax and individual tax (4) limited activity. Franchising: Franchises are in which individual businessmen or people buy a well established business, but a certain percentage goes back to the corporation. Franchises must adhere to the corporate regulations. (McDonalds, Krispy Cream, Starbucks). Acquisition/Mergers: In this two companies merge together(merger) or a big company acquires a small innovative company giving rise to an acquisition. The best option to go with would be setting up a corporation or a LLC rather to start. The limited liability company or LLC is a relatively new form of doing business which is now recognized in most states. The LLC has grown in popularity because it combines the best features of a corporation and a partnership. Like a corporation, the owners (called members) of the LLC are not personally responsible for the debts of the LLC. Like a partnership, there is no dual taxation and the earnings of the business are taxed directly to the members. The LLC is also preferable in many ways to the S corporation, which also avoids personal liability and dual taxation. The LLC is not subject to most of the limitations which are imposed on corporations by applicable law. For example, while an corporation is not allowed to have more than one type or class of stock ownership and is not allowed to have more than 75 shareholders, the LLC is not subject to such limitations. Overall, the LLC simply allows more flexibility in the structure, operation and management of the business than does the S corporation. LLCs are similar to corporations because they also provide limited personal liability for business debts and claims. But when it comes to taxes, LLCs are more like partnerships: the owners of an LLC pay taxes on their shares of the business income on their personal tax returns.

Friday, September 20, 2019

The Presidential Election Of 1880 Politics Essay

The Presidential Election Of 1880 Politics Essay Throughout the history of United States Presidential Elections, there have been many memorable campaigns and races for the right of one citizen to become the next President of the United States of America. These elections have been filled with gripping scandals, nail-biting finishes, unforgettable blunders, and their fair share of mudslinging. The Presidential Election of 1880 was of no exception, and encompassed all of the aforementioned aspects and more. It is at this pivotal time in 1880 that the country was continuing to mend itself from the self-inflicted wounds of secession and of a controversial presidency stemming from the election of 1876. With Rutherford B. Hayes foregoing a second term in office, the stage was set for a memorable election year, one fought amongst both some new and familiar faces. It would be the candidates partys views on some crucial issues, along with the pageantry of the candidates themselves, that would decide the outcome of this election. Up until the last day of campaigning, both Democrats and Republicans believed that their respective nominees would win the executive branch. However, after much time and effort, only one man would become President. Ultimately, the office of the presidency would come at a price no party could have predicted. The candidates that would eventually emerge as the front-runners for their parties werent favored much as the campaigns for the presidency began in 1880. At the start of the campaign, the Republican Party was divided into 3 distinct factions: the Stalwarts, the Reformers, and the Half-Breeds. The Stalwarts were conservatives who opposed civil service reform, conversely supported the patronage system, favored protectionist tariffs, and endorsed a third-term for former-President Ulysses S. Grant. The Reformers were liberals who advocated civil service reform and free trade. The Half-Breeds were moderates who accepted some degree of civil service reform, implemented piecemeal over time.  [1]   By May 1880, former-President Grant was probable to win the nomination of the Republican Party. However, James Garfield, an Ohio representative and former Union general, was gaining recognition as a possible surprise candidate. At this time in the campaign, Garfield was actually supporting John Sherman, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. The two men had struck a deal earlier in which Garfield was to campaign for Sherman because he had helped Garfield become a senator-elect recently. When the time had come, Garfield, along with his fellow Ohioans, made the trek to Chicago for the Republican National Convention, which was set to begin on June 2, 1880. It is here that Garfield would become part of one of the most thrilling party conventions ever. He began his climb towards nomination by being elected the head of the Committee on Rules shortly following the commencement of the convention. After a riveting, impromptu speech before the convention, support for Garfield hit a new high. In f act, his popularity was so great that Roscoe Conkling, a prominent Republican figure who was attending, remarked: New York requests that Ohios real candidate and dark horse come forwardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [2]   This support would carry over into the nomination when on the 34th ballot, seemingly out of nowhere, Wisconsin awarded her 16 votes to Garfield. This, in turn, started a stampede among the Half-Breed and other anti-Grant supporters in favor of Garfield. On the 36th ballot, James Garfield was nominated with 399 votes, a monumental upset for those who predicted the nomination of Grant, the Half-Breed leader James G. Blaine, or even John Sherman. Mystery still surrounds the fact whether Garfield planned to usurp the nomination the way he did, seeing as though entries from his personal journal are left blank during the Republican National Convention, which would give insight to his inner thoughts and ambitions. Nevertheless, Chester A. Arthur was chosen to be Garfields running mate in an attempt to secure the support of the Stalwarts and to win New York for the Republicans. The nomination of the Democrats was hardly less inspiring. In the early stages of the campaign, U.S. Senator Thomas Bayard was the likely candidate to be nominated and had much support in the South. As of May 1880, though, General Winfield Scott Hancock was drawing attention in the Deep South. Although for the most part they were convinced that the movement towards Hancock was insignificant, the shadow of another general on horseback continued to alarm some of Bayards supporters.  [3]  Perhaps those wary Bayard supporters had a reason to be distressed, for at the Democratic National Convention in Cincinnati, a fiery, Irish delegate from Pennsylvania named Daniel Dougherty made a rousing speech in favor of Hancocks nomination. Mayhem ensued as thousands of delegates began cheering for Hancock. In fact, after the second ballot, Hancock was nominated with the incredible amount of 705 votes. The former favorite, Bayard, only got 2. Quickly after, William H. English was chosen to be t he vice-presidential nominee. The choice of English was based on sound political logic. Hancock, as it was argued, by uniting Irving Hall and Tammany Hall would carry New York, and Indiana would certainly follow English, her own native son. Thus Indianas 15 electoral votes and New Yorks 35 in addition to the solid Souths 138 would spell victory for the Democrats for the first time since 1856.  [4]   At these same conventions where the two primary candidates were selected by their parties, the party platforms were also revealed. The Republican platform stressed the need for protective tariffs that would disproportionately benefit American labor, a reformation of civil service through the use of a series of tests to ensure qualifications for applicants, restricted immigration from China, and separate, non-public funds to pay for the establishment of sectarian schools. The platform commended President Hayes, a Republican, for his service to his country and proceeded to shame the Democrats by comparing them to the rebels of the Civil War.  [5]  The Democratic platform, in turn, recalled the Great Fraud of 1876, the name given by some to the event in which Rutherford B. Hayes was elected President after losing to Democrat Samuel J. Tilden in the popular vote and winning the electoral vote by one through a potentially shady agreement. Furthermore, the Democratic platform called fo r a less powerful central government, a cease to all Chinese immigration, civil service reform, lower tariffs, and free trade.  [6]  The platform also included that there would only be a tariff for revenue only. In time, this last plank of the platform would prove to be the bane of Candidate Hancocks existence. During this election, the impact of major third parties was minimal. All three of the major third parties nominated their choices for president in June/July of 1880 and all three of their nominees were military generals. The Greenback party, the most influential of the three third parties, stood for labor reform (shorter hours, better conditions, no child labor), for economic reform (payment of debts, restrictions on monopolies, regulated currency), restriction on Chinese labor, and for the end of sectional disunity. It can be argued that this platform wouldnt have been found too unreasonable. However, the Greenbackers made a critical blunder when they invited Socialists into their convention, which no doubt lost them some votes. The other two third parties were the Prohibitionists and the Anti-Masons. The Prohibitionists were against the consumption of alcohol and its party platform explicitly revealed the dangers of it. The Anti-Masons believed their mission was to expose, withstan d, and remove secret societies, Free masonry in particular, and other anti-Christian movements, in order to save the churches of Christ from being depraved.  [7]  Having such a narrow objective hurt the Prohibitionists and Anti-Masons. In the end, the only way that a third party could have any impact on the election was if its votes were absorbed by either the Democrats or the Republicans. Among the foreign and domestic issues brought to light during this presidential campaign, those of Chinese immigration, sectionalism, and protective tariffs were the primary ones contemplated. By 1880, an overwhelming number of Chinese immigrants had traveled to the west coast of the United States in search of jobs. These Chinese workers worked for less than an American would and many westerners worried for their own job security. This disdain for immigrants was felt most in California. Although both party platforms called for restrictions to such immigration, many Californians were wary of Candidate Garfields sincerity to the cause. This was due to the fact that a year and a half earlier Garfield had voted against a bill that was inconsistent with the Burlingame Treaty of 1868, a treaty which provided limitless Chinese immigration. Later, Garfield tried to reassure western states that he would handle the immigration issue with their concerns in mind, though many doubted his sincerit y. The issue of sectionalism reemerged when Republicans once again began waving the bloody shirt, a reference to the Souths secession some 20 years earlier. Numerous pamphlets and songs were created by Republicans to associate the southern and more Democratic states, as well as Hancock himself, with secession. One such song included the lines: A Union General leads, my boys Secession on the field Well meet it with brave deeds, my boys: Once more foredoomed to yield!  [8]   These pieces of propaganda were made to make people believe that if Hancock were elected, he would give all power to the former-rebellious southern states. Democrats believed that this accusation was simply absurd. Nevertheless, these actions taken by the Republican Party showed that almost two decades after the Civil War started, reunification was still a delicate issue. Lastly, tariffs were, arguably, the most important issue. Both parties had different stances on the matter. The Republicans argued for a protective tariff. They believed that by protecting American business, wages for workers would remain at a high level. The Democrats, however, believed in a tariff for revenue only. This would open the doors for free trade. Critics of this idea believed that American manufacturing would crumble and that this action would spell disaster for the wages of laborers. American laboring men were everywhere solemnly warned by signs, handbills, documents, and newspapers that, unless they wished to be reduced to the pittance that Europeans called wages, they had better vote the Republican ticket.  [9]  Among these three issues discussed, the tariff issue would no doubt play a huge role in deciding who won the election. The way in which each campaign was conducted and the various major events that occurred during them created momentum swings at different times for each candidate. Garfield more or less conducted a type of front porch campaign. This campaign consisted of him welcoming voters into his home in order to become more familiar with their needs and to appear concerned. He actually had his campaign managers and fellow Republicans do much of his work across the nation. These Garfield supporters would wave the bloody shirt issue and poke at Hancocks inexperience in politics. Mockery pertaining to the latter was shown in a Republican pamphlet called A Record of the Statesmanship and Political Achievements of General Winfield Scott Hancock. This particular pamphlet included only blank pages. Following an early defeat in the Maine state elections, Republicans began to channel immense sums of money in order to step up the campaign effort. After all, the Democrats had presumably spent $100,000 in Ma ine in just one week! Large businesses were eager to help the Republican cause, as they had an interest in its success. After Secretary of State Carl Schurz made speeches in San Francisco almost exclusively regarding business interests, it became clear that economic issues would take precedence over all other concerns. In addition to the efforts made by Secretary of State Schurz, Senator Conkling and former-President Grant also campaigned for Garfield; at one rally in Warren, Ohio the two spoke to a crowd of approximately 40,000 people! The Democrats, for the most part, tried to remind the public of the corrupt Election of 1876 in which President Rutherfraud had been elected. However, these actions were put on hold temporarily as Hancock struggled to make clear his views on the tariff issue. His knowledge on this subject was questioned so greatly that he was made fun of in a cartoon by the famous Thomas Nast. The cartoon depicted Hancock on a speakers platform whispering in a companions ear, Who is Tariff and why is he for revenue only?'  [10]  At a major Democratic rally sponsored by Tammany Hall in New York, Hancock asked Senator Bayard to discuss the tricky tariff issue for him, a somewhat acknowledgement of his own inability to do so gracefully. When the Democrats could afford to take the offensive, Garfields character was within their crosshairs. Two very big scandals gave them significant amounts of ammunition against Garfield: The Credit Mobilier Scandal and the Morey Letter. During the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad, the leading directors of the Union Pacific Railroad Company hired themselves out to a fake company that they had created, named Credit Mobilier, in order to keep the remaining surplus money. Many Congressmen were given bribes in the form of stock in this fake company in order to keep quiet. On February 18, 1873, a committee found that Garfield had received a check for $329 for dividends from his share of stock. During the campaign, Democrats marked numerous buildings with the number 329 in order to remind voters of Garfields doubtful past. A second scandal to rock the Republican campaign was that of the Morey Letter. On October 18, 1880, a letter supposedly written by Garfield to H.L. Morey of Ma ssachusetts was discovered on the desk of the publisher of New York Truth. Its contents contained convincing evidence that Garfield supported Chinese immigration. It included that he felt that individuals or companies have the right to buy labor where they can get it cheapest and that the United States has a treaty with the Chinese Government which should be religiously keptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [11]  Although it was later proved to be a forgery, some of Garfields credibility was lost. It certainly didnt do him any good to wait a whole week before openly denying it! Thus the Democrats were able to gain support by attacking Garfield throughout their campaign. This onslaught of Garfields character abruptly came to a stop when Hancock made a severe political blunder just a little over a week before the election. In an interview with the Paterson Daily Guardian, Hancock attempted to clarify his tariff for revenue only. While stating the case that he would in fact favor American businesses, he concluded by saying that the tariff question is a local question. Although he was correct in context, this statement made it appear as though he was out of touch and not concerned with everyday working men. This had an adverse impact on his campaign with little time to recover. Nevertheless, as both partys campaigns winded down and the candidates braced for Election Day, each candidate firmly believed that he had won the Presidency. The news of 3 A.M. is fully justified by the morning papersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦We have at least 212 electoral votes, a small majority in the House and the Senate nearly or quite a tie.  [12]  Thus were the words written by James A. Garfield in his journal on November 3, 1880 when he learned he was to be the 20th President of the United States. When the official results were revealed, Garfield had won 214 electoral votes to Hancocks 155. By these numbers, Garfield seemed to have won easily; however, the popular vote was extremely close with Garfield possessing roughly 4,453,337 votes to Hancocks approximate 4,444,267 votes. The difference between these two tallies was the equivalent to .1% of the total population. To date this is the closest margin of victory in the popular vote in any U.S. Presidential Election. Not only was this election the closest in the popular vote, but it also had one of the highest voter turnouts in United States history, 79.4%. This percentage is only passed by the turnout in the elections of 1840, 1860, and 1876 (notably all previous elections). In recent years, the voter turnout has been significantly lower. In the last five Presidential Elections, voter turnout has ranged from 49.08% to 57.48%. For the past 20 years, on average only about 53% of the total population has been involved in choosing our President. This is certainly not healthy for our republican form of government, in which an active population must remain involved politically in order for greater representation of the masses. At least in the Presidential Election of 1880, the people accepted their responsibility as citizens and participated in a remarkable fashion to choose the next President. President James Garfield owed much of his victory to the battleground state of New York. New Yorks 35 electoral votes were ultimately the difference in the election. The solid South had given her 138 votes for Hancock, as can be seen in the electoral map that follows: http://profbutler.watermelon-kid.com/images/maps/HIST1302_Part_1/800px-1880_Electoral_Map.gif This left him with only 47 more votes to secure in order for him to become President. Unfortunately, Hancock could only muster 17 additional votes; a combined 8 from California and Nevada, no doubt influenced by the Morey Letter, and 9 from New Jersey, the only northern state to go for the Democrats. The Democrats failed to carry New York in part due to the divisions between Irving Hall and Tammany Hall. At the time, there was also speculation that New York might have gone Republican for another more sinister reason. In July of 1880, George W. Atkins, a friend of Garfields, had written him about the idea of bringing 3,000 voters from Vermont, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania along with 6,000 Canadians to New York to vote for the Republicans. No evidence was ever found that Garfield had used this strategy. However, many Democrats swore that they had been deceived. Nevertheless, Garfield received a superfluous amount of congratulatory letters, including one peculiar letter from Willie M adden of Number One, Hanson Place, Brooklyn, New York: I am a little boy five years oldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.I am sorry Arthur has to be President when you die. I would like to know whether you are a bad man or a good oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.If not, I think Arthur must take your place.  [13]   This prophetic letter would prove no more eerie than on July 2, 1881. On that fateful day, President Garfield was on his way to celebrate his 25th college reunion and was standing at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. when he was shot twice. His assailant was the Stalwart Charles Guiteau, who was upset with the President after he had been denied the position of U.S. Consul in Paris on six different occasions. Guiteau thought that it was unfair that many Half-Breeds had received government jobs (ie. James Blaine had been chosen Secretary of State), and the Stalwarts appeared to have been denied these rewards. After being rushed to safety, doctors tended to the President. Alexander Graham Bell used a primitive form of the metal detector to try to locate one bullet in Garfields back, but to no avail. After 80 days of suffering, President Garfield died. This assassination drew much sympathy from the public for their fallen President and much loathing for the S talwarts. Chester A. Arthur would now become President. Although there was much speculation on how he would act as President, from an early stage he made it known that he supported the movement towards the adoption of the merit system of awarding government jobs to those most competent. As for Guiteau, he was hanged on June 30, 1882. Although the Presidential Elections of 1880 and 2012 occurred 132 years apart, certain aspects of each have made a comparison of the two possible. One major campaign factor that is unique to both election years is the use of money on the campaign trail. During the Presidential Election of 1880, James Ford Rhodes, a historian of the day, wrote that in Indiana money was used to an extent hitherto unknown in American politics.  [14]  He was referring to the use of money to buy votes for either candidate. In fact, at one time Garfield was told that there were 30,000 merchantable votes in the state [Indiana],à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦which side will manage to buy the most of them is the question.  [15]  This new era of corruption in politics through the use of money indeed snuck its way into the Presidential Election of 1880. In 2012, a new era in campaign spending has likewise occurred. In 2010, Citizens United [a political action committee (PAC)] sued the Federal Election Commission in the Supreme Court on the basis of unfair campaign spending restrictions. Citizens United won its suit. The ruling established that as long as the free use of money is considered the same as free speech, then corporations and unions have the right to give unlimited amounts of money to presidential candidates. In 2012, campaign spending has hit a new high and shows no sign of stopping in years to come. Another comparison to be made between these two election years is the issue of immigration. In 1880, Americans on the west coast of the United States were concerned with the influx of immigration coming from China. Americans were alarmed that these Chinese workers would steal jobs away from them. In the Presidential Election of 2012, Hispanic immigration was one subject of controversy. The Republicans have tended to believe in harsher immigration laws, whereas Democrats for the most part believe in altering laws to accommodate immigrants. The main difference between the immigration issue of 1880 and 2012 is that in 1880, there was the call to restrict the legal immigrants from China. In 2012, there have been pleas from many to stop the illegal immigration from the Hispanic countries to the south. Another difference that is important to note is that the positions of the two parties have relatively switched sides since 1880. Back in 1880, the Democrats, and not the Republicans, were th e ones proposing stricter immigration laws. The last comparison between these two elections is that both sets of campaigns have consisted of substantial amounts of mudslinging. In the Presidential Election of 1880, both candidates attempted to paint the other in a bad light. Garfield poked at Hancocks inexperience in politics while Hancock attempted to discredit Garfield by bringing up scandal after scandal. In 2012, television viewers have been bombarded with commercials detailing flaws in the candidates. One ad supporting President Obama connected Mitt Romney with the death of a woman who had not been able to afford healthcare after her husbands workplace was shut down by Romneys company, Bain Capital. Likewise, pro-Romney ads have attacked Obamas government spending and business experience as well as his handling of the economy. While some might think its wrong to attack ones opponent so openly, these two elections have shown that it takes an aggressive, offensive strategy to sway the masses. In retrospect, the Presidential Election of 1880 was one of the most exciting to date. From Garfields surprise nomination to Hancocks plight regarding the tariff issue all the way to Garfields eventual narrow victory in the popular vote, the Presidential Election of 1880 proved to be especially intriguing. It seems ironic, as it would be, that Garfield would fall victim to the bullets of an assassin shortly into his term as President. Garfields legacy lived on though through Chester A. Arthur, who, as mentioned previously, upheld Garfields policies. Perhaps Garfield said it best when he wrote in his journal: Some civil service reform will come by necessity after the wearisome years of wasted presidents have paved the way for it.  [16]  We will never know how the world would have turned out had Garfield survived or if it would have even made a difference. However, we can take some comfort in knowing that todays politicians have the luxury of analyzing previous elections so that th ey can be knowledgeable of the past while still looking forward to the future. By Joseph San Nicolas Notes

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Bike Helmets :: essays research papers

Arizona needs a law requiring adult bicycle riders to wear a helmet! Have you ever known somebody who was injured in a car accident? What do you think his attitude about seat belts was after they saved his life? If you knew that a seat belt would save your life, you would buckle up! It took years of legislation and public awareness campaigns to make seat belt use mandatory. Now a new topic regarding public safety is coming to light: people are dying or becoming seriously injured in seemingly minor accidents on bicycles when the rider's head strikes the concrete. When the head is unprotected "the brain continues to move in a forward motion while the skull stops moving" (Macyko1), causing trauma. What is needed is a way to protect the brain "by absorbing the energy from the impact, buying extra time for the brain to slow down" (Macyko1). Bicycle riders need to wear helmets to protect their brains from injury, yet unfortunately the public is simply not aware of this need and many people will continue to die or be seriously injure d unless something is done. Bicycle helmets save lives and should be required by Arizona State law for riders of all ages. Opponents feel that bicycle helmet laws are too strict and are misdirected. Principally, they feel that helmet laws do not prevent accidents and point out the fact that "motor vehicles are involved in 90-92% of bicyclist deaths" (BHSI/Compendium 4). Creating awareness among drivers by lowering their speeds would create a safer cycling environment. Furthermore, opponents of helmet laws believe that "requiring motorists to wear helmets will save more lives" (Convissor 1) since statistics show the likelihood of fatality while riding in passenger cars is nearly double that of bicycling (Bicycle 15). They are also concerned for the overall popularity of their sport when helmet laws go into effect. After helmet laws went into effect in Australia, "surveys in Sydney found the helmet law reduced cycling by 38%" (Convissor, 1). Another issue is the argument that helmets are inconvenient and uncomfortable. The opponents of helmet laws seem to have a good argument. Helmet use cannot prevent an accident and Department of Transportation statistics indicate seventy five percent of bicycle related deaths are in collisions with motor vehicles (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons 2), which implies the real problem is with automobile drivers causing accidents with bikes.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Clowns and Cubicles Essay -- essays research papers

Clowns and Cubicles (A look at workplace stereotypes through their appearance in comic strips) Stereotypes can be found in just about every aspect of society. A person engaging in any type of social interaction is either consciously or unconsciously engaging or affected by the many ways we stereotype people. Stereotypes while usually given a negative connotation seem to be an inherent part of human nature. By grouping individuals into categories a person can feel more in control of their surrounding and of their own self as a unique individual. Every person has either participated in stereotyping or has been a target of a particular stereotype. Stereotyping can either be subtle or obvious. The world of a high school student is filled with stereotypes; the jock, the prep, the loner, the stoner, these particular stereotypes are not pulled out of thin air, but rather they are a collection of attributes that a individual presents to the world. Some of these attributes include the cloths one wears, how one carries oneself, but language (which will be the topic most discussed i n this paper) is probably the most instrumental in the formation of stereotypes. Some stereotypes are so old and so widely used that they are accepted as the norm. This can be seen with a large degree of consistency in the office world. An office space is like a play where everyone who works in it is assigned a role. In the world of employer-employee relationships language contributes heavily to the development of stereotypes. Anyone who has worked in an office environment has been witness to the variety 2 of stereotypes presented there. For instance there is the middle aged but still spunky women with all the Troll Dolls and cut out comic strips lining her cubicle. The irony in this stereotype is that the comics this woman has plastered to every open space in her office are full of office stereotypes just like her. In fact, cartoon strips are a... ...statements such as this, business double-speak of the nineties has centered on terms such as "downsizing" and "re-engineering". By putting a different spin on the timeless tradition of firing and re-organization, today's companies act more like politicians than producers. Language determines the social atmosphere of an office. Language defines the roles of both management and employees. Stereotypes are produced as a result of the language and style associated with the different roles of the office. Having given a run down of the types of stereotypes found in the office place and how language has contributed to these stereotypes it is clear that the office is a self contained social hierarchy. At the end of the workday every member of the office leaves their role behind and takes on other roles; a father, a mother, fiancà ©e, son, sister. These roles are also founded on the types of language used by the particular people who play them. Language allows people to play the parts of several different characters. Media like comic strips allow use to observe the roles we play from a safe distance where are egos will not be hurt, but amused.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Who is Responsible for the Death of Romeo and Juliet? Essay -- Romeo a

In the play Romeo and Juliet there are lots of events that lead to the death of the two main characters. There are many people responsible for the death of Romeo and Juliet and some of these characters are Tybalt, Capulet and Friar Lawrence. In the play, Tybalt has a large influence on the death of Romeo and Juliet. He helps contribute to their deaths because he kills Mercutio and Romeo in turn kills Tybalt which causes Romeo to be banished from Verona. Then Juliet tells â€Å"Romeo is banished!† â€Å"There is not end no limit, measure, bound. In that word’s death: no words can that woe sound.† (Act III Scene II 128-130) If Romeo had taken the time to think before killing Tybalt he would not have killed him and therefore he would not be banished from Verona. Being banished from Verona causes Juliet heartache not being able to see Romeo. As Romeo leaves from Mantua Juliet says â€Å"O God, I have an ill-diving soul! Methinks I see thee, now thou art below as one dead in the bottom of a tomb† (Act III Scene V 54-56) Also if Romeo told Mercutio that he was in love with Juliet he may have understo...

Monday, September 16, 2019

Spanish Language and Latin America

1 International Baccalaureate History of the Americas HL Required Summer Reading Study Guide Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America By John Charles Chasteen Foreign Affairs November/December 2000 states: Born in Blood and Fire is a briskly written yet sophisticated introduction to Latin America that will be greatly welcomed by non-specialists and experts alike. Chasteen paints on a very broad canvas, but he succeeds in capturing with enviable conciseness the major ingredients of Latin America's uniqueness and complexity.Especially welcome is his graceful integration of Brazil into the overall picture, which general histories of Latin America often lack. He first takes the reader from the European conquest through the colonial consolidation by Spain and Portugal before looking at the role of indigenous communities in the new order imposed by the Europeans and African slavery's social and cultural consequences. He then follows with the independence movements and the uneven attempts at nation-building in the nineteenth century; race, ethnicity, religious and liberal ideologies, and the roles of key individuals are also covered.Chasteen concludes with the recent return to economic liberalism, this time in the context of open elections, continuing poverty, and social exclusion of large segments of the population. A stellar performance! Summer Reading Directions: The answers to these questions should be well thought out, typed, 12 point font, single spaced, New Times Roman. The completed review sheet is a summer long process that is not designed and should not be attempted at the last minute. This assignment will be due on the first full school day of the 2011 – 2012 academic school year.These questions will prepare you for the first 2 day examination made up of 96 multiple choice questions and 57 matching terms. This is the first grade of the course and will set the study tempo for the remainder of the school year. 2 Study Guide/ Discussio n Questions John Charles Chasteen’s Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America. Chapter 1 – First Stop, the Present 1. 2. 3. 4. According to Chasteen, what is the unifying theme or unifying conflict that characterizes Latin American history? Is this a good choice? What might be some strengths or weaknesses of this focus?Why do Cuba and Brazil have such high populations of African Americans? Define â€Å"liberalism† as Chasteen uses the term: What are the different attitudes toward Latin Americans that have been common in the U. S. during the twentieth century? Chapter 2 – Encounter (1492-1600) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What were some of the ways the historical and cultural context of the Iberian peninsula shaped the attitudes and practices of Europeans who first sailed to the Americas? Compare the Portuguese colonization of Brazil with the Spanish Colonization of what would become Mexico and Peru.Important similarities and differences? What larger significance does Chasteen see in the name change from â€Å"Island of the True Cross† to â€Å"Brazil†? What three areas of Africa provided the majority of Black slaves for the Americas? Members of which European country became the most active slave traders? From Chasteen’s perspective, what were the key factors that enabled vastly outnumbered Spanish forces to conquer the Aztec and Inca empires? In what specific ways do Las Casas’s life and values stand in contrast to those of the majority of Spaniards who came to the Americas?Briefly define or identify the following terms: Encomienda Tupi Pedro Alvarez Cabral Moors Francisco Pizarro Malinche (Marina) Salvador (Bahia) Chapter 3 – Colonial Crucible (1600-1810) 1. 2. 3. 4. In what ways did economic realities contribute to the prosperity and influence of colonial Spanish America in comparison to colonial Brazil? Name the four viceroyalties and their capitals that came to exist in Spanish America: W hat does Chasteen mean on p. 77 when he says that â€Å"transculturation and hegemony often went together† in Latin America?Do you think he’s right? Name four areas that Chasteen considers peripheral areas or â€Å"backwaters† of colonial Latin America: 3 5. Compare attitudes toward race in Latin America as described in this chapter with attitudes in the U. S. as you understand them. What significant similarities or differences do you see? Briefly define or identify the following terms: Sor Juana de la Cruz â€Å"honor† in Latin America Gracias al sacar Quilombos and Palenques Potosi Zumbi Rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro Tupac Amaru II Engenho AleijadinhoChapter 4 – Independence (1810-1825) 1. 2. 3. 4. In what ways did events in Europe affect the movements for independence in Latin America? According to Chasteen, which independence movements in Spanish America were actually popular revolutions? Which were primarily â€Å"revolutions from above† ? How did the Brazilian independence movement compare with those in Spanish America? What impact did the independence movements have on patterns of colonialism in Spanish America?Briefly define or identify the following terms: Creoles Jose Maria Morelos Llaneros Simon Bolivar Jose Antonio Paez Peninsulars Vicente Guerrero and Augustin de Iturbide Nativism Battle of Ayacucho Miguel Hidalgo Pedro I Chapter 5 – Postcolonial Blues (1825-1850) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why did liberalism in Latin America seem to collapse in the years following the wars of independence? What were some of the main characteristics of a caudillo? What factors helped Brazil maintain its territorial unity during the years when many regions of Spanish America were splintering into numerous new nations?In what ways does Chasteen suggest the social structure in Latin America remained the same after independence? How did it change? Who were the main â€Å"outsiders† involved in Latin America during this period? This outside involvement was particularly notable in the two former centers of colonial power, Mexico and Peru. What shape did it take in each place? Briefly define or identify the following terms: Juan Manuel de Rosas â€Å"El Supremo† Caste War of Yucatan Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna The regency years â€Å"el pueblo† Rafael Carrera â€Å"La Nina† Central American Republic 4Chapter 6 – Progress (1850-1880) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What were some of the significant aspects of liberalism emphasized by the key Latin American liberals mentioned in this section (be as specific as possible)? Why did Maximilian fail to reinstate conservative rule in Mexico? Based on Chasteen’s examples, what seems to have been the most common way for women to become public figures during the nineteenth century (the few, that is, who did become public figures)? Give two examples. Liberals in Argentina agreed on the traditional tenets of Latin American liberalism. What issue divide d them?Compare the way Argentine and Brazilian liberals confronted what they considered the â€Å"national tragedy† of racially mixed societies. Do leaders in one of these countries seem to be less racist in their thinking than leaders of the other? Briefly explain the issues and significance of the following wars (and note the dates when each took place): The Triple Alliance War The War of the Pacific The Chaco War Briefly define or identify the following terms: Benito Juarez Birds Without a Nest (1889) â€Å"Golden Law† William Walker Ten Years War Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 6.Chapter 7 – Neocolonialism (1880-1930) 1. Describe the â€Å"great export boom† that marked Progress for Latin America between 1870-1930. What were its most important characteristics? Which crops or exports seemed most beneficial to Latin Americans and why? Which one seemed most harmful? Compare the governments of Mexico and Brazil during the neocolonial period: Based on this chap ter how do the ideas of neocolonialism and â€Å"importing Progress† relate to one another? Early in the chapter, Chasteen suggests that the concept of neocolonialism is both an internal and an external phenomenon.What does he mean, and, after reading the chapter, would you agree with that analysis? Describe the rise of U. S. influence in Latin America: Why did the South Cone region of Latin America attract the majority of the new immigrants? 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Briefly define or identify the following terms: â€Å"banana republics† Ruben Dario Porfiriato Cientificos Rebellion in the Backlands Paulina Luisi Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Cesar Augusto Sandino Positivism Pan o palo Jose Marti Jose Enrique Rodo 5 Chapter 8 – Nationalism (1910-1945) 1. 2. 3. . 5. Based on the chapter, what were the most important aspects of nationalism in Latin America? Why did nationalism emerge in the early decades of the twentieth century? Compare and contrast nationalism in Mexico with that in Argentina and Uruguay and also with Brazil. Did nationalism in any one of these countries seem more thoroughgoing than in the others? Why? Why did import-substitution industrialization (ISI) provide greater benefits for countries such as Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina than for places like the Dominican Republic or Honduras?Why did the wave of nationalism seem to have very little impact on Central America? Briefly define or identify the following terms: Constitution of 1917 Pancho Villa Constitutionalists Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo Batllismo Hipolito Yrigoyen Victor Raul Haya de la Torre Indigenismo ISI Getulio Vargas Estado Novo Heitor Villa Lobos Lazaro Cardenas â€Å"Good Neighbor Policy† Mexico’s â€Å"declaration of economic independence† Populists Juan and Evita Peron Emiliano Zapata Chapter 9 – Revolution (1945-1960) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why would Brasilia represent the â€Å"perfect symbol of the ost-Vargas moment in Brazil† and the PRI the perfect symbol for Mexico at the same time (252)? Chapter 8 talked about the popularity of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy. Why did relations between the U. S. and major Latin American countries begin to sour in the post-WWII years? Why did the U. S. tolerate the National Revolutionary Movement (MNR) in Bolivia while it actively supported a proxy force to oust Arbenz in Guatemala? Based on this textbook, would you say the Cuban revolution was more an expression of Marxism or of nationalism? Why? What were the goals of liberation theology?Briefly define or identify the following terms: Raul Prebish Jacobo Arbenz Che Guevara Bay of Pigs (1961) Declaration of Caracas (1954) Pablo Naruda Fulgencio Batista Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Juan Jose Arevalo Jorge Luis Borges Granma Paulo Freire 6 Chapter 10 – Reaction (1960-1990) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. On what basis does Chasteen argue that the Soviet Union was not involved in Latin American Marxist movements outside of Cuba during the 1960s and 1970s? Why did rule by military juntas become widespread in Latin America by the mid-1970s?What did the Brazilian generals mean when they said that the cake had to rise before it could be sliced? Why didn’t the poor ever get their slice? How did the Argentine experience of military rule differ from that of Brazil? What were the most important factors that contributed to the overthrow of the Popular Unity government in Chile? In which countries of Latin America were â€Å"dirty wars† most intense and devastating? What were the main factors that fueled guerilla wars in Nicaragua and El Salvador? Why does Chasteen place Colombia in the â€Å"countercurrents† section at the end of the chapter?What was different about Colombia? Briefly define or identify the following terms: â€Å"national security doctrine† Alliance for Progress Gabriel Garcia Marquez Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo Tupamaros Salvador Allende Augusto Pinoc het Tlatelolco massacre â€Å"dirty war† Somoza family Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) Contras Daniel Ortega Violeta Chamorro â€Å"fourteen families† Oscar Romero Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) La Violencia Pablo Escobar and the Medillin Cartel M-19 U. S. School of the Americas Chapter 11 – Neoliberalism (1990- ? ) 1. 2. 3. 4.Why did neoliberalism become the popular political/economic ideology for Latin America during the 1990s? Compare neoliberalism with the liberalism with the liberal reforms that swept the region from 1870-1930—in what important ways are they similar? How do they differ? What insights does the Chilean success story provide into the strengths and weaknesses of neoliberalism? What are the primary environmental issues surrounding the Amazonian rain forest? Briefly define or identify the following terms: Neoliberalism MERCOSUR Zapatistas NAFTA Maquiladora Candomble, Umbanda, Santeria

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

There are around 5000 languages in use today, and each is quite different from many of the others. Many thinkers have urged that large differences in language lead to large differences in experience and thought. They hold that each language embodies a worldview, which speakers of different languages think about the world in quite different ways. At first I didn’t really understood what was being said, and I was really against it, but after asking myself, really? Knowing a different amount of words to describe things would allow us to better understand and communicate, interesting than as we started the color activity it became clear to me.Then immediately I started making connections to friends of mines form other foreign countries. Sometimes we have difficulties explain things to each other, things that are often the same, but because of where he’s from and the way their communication methods (Grammar, metaphors, Pragmatics, Semantics, Lexicon) are structured makes it difficult, to understand him being I’m form a different part of the world, meaning a different form of communication method, with a different set of rules.Form what I have read and understand the most important discussions of the linguistic relativity hypothesis have focused on grammar and lexicon which seem to be the most valid in my opinion. Why? I’m guessing it have something to do with the way we talk, and the influence it have on a lot of how much we understand, based on our vocabulary choices and makeup. For example a typical word order may vary in English; the common order is subject, verb, and object.In Japanese it is subject, object, and verb, and in Latin several different spin (word order). Languages can differ in whether they make a distinction between intransitive verbs and adjectives; there are many subtler sorts of grammatical difference as well. Grammar here does not mean the grammar we learned in grammar school, but the syntactic structure of a languag e; in the sense that grammar contains a set of rules that can generate all and only the sentences of a given language.

Explain how work practises in the commercial kitchen

Explain how work practices in the commercial kitchen are Important In prevention of food poisoning Prevention of food poisoning In a commercial kitchen Is extremely Important as you risk your business reputation and worst of all you may cause death. There are many ways food poisoning Is enameled through: Food Laws, Correct personal hygiene and correct environmental hygiene. Food Laws are extremely Important way to minimize food poisoning, as they are laws put Into place to ensure food Is fit for human consumption and that the business serving food apply hygiene and correct safety procedures.The food laws set In place for NEWS are Food Act 2003, NEWS food authorities and Food Regulations 2010. The National food laws are Food Safety Standard Code and Food Standards Australia and New Zealand. Not Complying with the laws can result in death/in]our of customers, fines, closure of business and name on the shame file. The laws are easily found on the internet, or at local councils. Complyin g with food is an important way to prevent food poising Correct personal hygiene is an important way to minimize and stop food poisoning; it is the maintenance of your own personal level of cleanliness.An employer of a food business should always talk to their employees about correct personal hygiene and what do if they notice another employee not using correct personal hygiene. There is many ways to obtain good personal hygiene and they include: Clean uniform, Hair contained, no jewelry, no nail polish/fake nails and washed hands and showered before arrival. Also washing hands correctly is an important prevention tool, you should always, rinse with hot water, use anti-bacterial soap, scrub finger nails, around and under fingers, rinse with hot water and dry with paper tool or blow dry. E of correct personal hygiene is an important way to prevent food poisoning. Correct environmental hygiene is an important way to minimize and stop food poisoning; it is the level of cleanliness in y our own work area, including equipment. Bad environmental hygiene can lead to food poisoning through: Unsafe garbage dispose, incorrect food handling, incorrect assigning/cleaning, presence of pest and vermin and incorrect storage of food.Food that are hot should always stay hot and cold foods should always stay cold, also make sure foods that are at high risk foods are cooked thoroughly. The use of color coded chopping boards Is a necessity to stop cross-contamination. Use of correct environmental hygiene In an Important way to prevent food poisoning. Prevention of food polling In a commercial kitchen Is an Important way to stop and enamels food poisoning.There are many ways food polling Is minimized through: Food laws, Correct personal hygiene and correct environmental hygiene. Explain how work practices in the commercial kitchen are important in prevention of food poisoning By illegitimately Explain how work practices in the commercial kitchen are important in prevention of DOD p oisoning Prevention of food poisoning in a commercial kitchen is extremely important as you risk your business reputation and worst of all you may cause death.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Literary Analysis of Romeo and Juliet Essay

The essay is a literary analysis of the play Romeo and Juliet. The format is Point, Proof and Explanation. The question was â€Å"What factors and/or characters lead to the eventual demise of Romeo and Juliet† I used Lady and Lord Capulet, Juliets Nurse, and Friar Laurence. There are direct quotes from the play as well that are relevent. It is 929 words in length Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet presents readers with the story of a tragically doomed love. It is the story of two teenagers’ who fall in love and the people and circumstances that prevent them from being together. Four characters in particular, namely Lady and Lord Capulet, Juliet’s nurse, and Friar Laurence, played a significant role in the destruction of the main characters and young lovers, Romeo and Juliet. These characters, through acts of selfishness, betrayal and authority over the young lovers led to their desperate actions and ultimate death. Lady and Lord Capulet, Juliet’s mother and father contributed to the events leading to the demise of Romeo and Juliet right from the beginning of the play.. Juliet’s father, Lord Capulet, creates a faà §ade about how much he loves and cares for his daughter when in reality he demonstrates that he really does not have her best interest at heart. In the beginning of the play, Lord Capulet says to Paris, (the nephew of the prince of Verona, who would bring the Capulet family power and prestige if he marries Juliet): â€Å"My child is yet a stranger in the world, she hath not seen the change of fourteen years; Let two more summers wither in their pride, Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride.† (II, ii, 8-11). This gives the reader the impression of a caring and considerate father, who is concerned about his child’s well being and is concerned that she is too young to be married. Yet, by the end of the play, when Juliet stands up to her father and says she does not want to marry Paris, he becomes angry with her and says â€Å"†¦Disobedient wretch!/I tell thee what, get thee to church o’Thursday [to marry Paris]/Or never after look me in the face†(III, v, 160-163). Lord Capulet is showing his true feelings toward his daughter and shows the reader that his real motives are self-serving. Lady Capulet, Juliet’s mother also assists in the destruction of Romeo and Juliet by her shallow and self-centered nature. She believes that Juliet should marry Paris, not for love or happiness, but because Paris is wealthy and handsome and will bring the Capulet family more power and prestige. When Lady Capulet says â€Å"And find delight writ there with beauty’s pen./ Examine every married lineament,/ And see how one another lends content (I, iii, 82-85) she is trying to convince Juliet that Paris would make a good husband because of his good looks. Her advise to her daughter demonstrates that she is only concerned about image without consideration of her daughter’s wishes or needs. Both Lord Capulet and Lady Capulet have only their personal motives and values in mind when they make the decision about their daughter’s future. This contributes to the helplessness and isolation that Juliet feels which eventually leads Juliet to her death. Another manipulative, self-serving character is Juliet’s nurse. On the surface, she appears to be a person that Juliet can confide in during difficult situations, yet throughout the play, her actions would demonstrate that she actually contributes to the destruction of Romeo and Juliet. Initially, she played the role of a messenger between the two lovers supporting their relationship by relaying secret messages between the doomed lovers. At the same time she also appeared to be understanding and sympathetic to Juliet’s feelings by lending Juliet a sympathetic ear. Yet when Lord and Lady Capulet thwart Romeo and Juliet’s plans of a life together, the nurse, in order to keep her job, does not try to comfort Juliet, she simply says † [Romeo] is dead -or ’twere as good he were† (III, iv, 235)and tells her â€Å"I think it best you married with [Paris]†(III, iv, 218). This causes Juliet grief because she trusted her nurse, who throughout the years has become more like a mother to her, and now the only one she trusted is betraying her. As a result of this betrayal and feelings of total  hopelessness, Juliet’s thoughts of suicide became prevalent and she turned to friar Laurence for help. In spite of the fact that Friar Laurence played the part of a helpful confidant to Romeo and Juliet, he ultimately helped I their final destruction. In the beginning of the play, when Romeo went to Friar Laurence for help, he believes that the marriage of the two teenagers might end the long running feud between the Capulet’s and the Montague’s. It is apparent that when Friar Laurence says â€Å"In one respect I’ll thy assistant be/ For this alliance may so prove,/ to turn your households’ rancor to pure love†(II, iii, 86-88), all he is think about is a way to end the feud that has caused â€Å"three civil brawls† (I, i, 87), and have caused the needless death of many. Even after Romeo is banished and there seems to be no hope for Romeo and Juliet, all Friar Laurence can think about is â€Å"blaze (announcing) thy marriage† (III, iii, 150). What friar Laurence does not realize is that he is giving false hope to both Romeo and Juliet, allowing them to believe that their lives will eventually be all right. In reality, we as readers know that this can never be, and thus, friar Laurence is setting the stage for Romeo and Juliet’s destruction. In the play, the main characters are teenagers who are forced to deal with extremely complex issues surrounding their simple love for each other. The people, who influence them to do so, are the ones who are responsible for the death and destruction of Romeo and Juliet.

Friday, September 13, 2019

SWOTT Analysis Paper and Table Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SWOTT Analysis Paper and Table - Essay Example We intend to amplify our business by using greener alternatives whenever possible, for example: Moreover, it is also important for us to be seen in the public domain making a difference. Therefore we will actively work with various local environmental organizations, such as, Miami Green Commission. Over the past five years, there has been an increasing awareness regarding work life balance, mainly due to the rise of dual income families, but also due to flexible working practices affecting quality time spent as a family unit. Customers are influenced mainly by price and convenience, however, information is not readily available in the public domain, hence, shopping for ‘best’ bargains is hampered and reduced to what is available locally in the high street. When surveyed, given a choice of alternatives within the same price bracket, 68% of consumers would choose a greener alternative method of dry cleaning. 82% of consumers had little brand loyalty and could not name the dry cleaning company they used. Therefore, they have considerable power as switching costs are minimal, and the perceived ethical rewards are substantial. Currently, 97% of dry cleaners operating in Miami offer traditional Perc dry cleaning. We also feel that the dry cleaning industry thus far has been slow to make people aware of what is on offer in the industry, this in our view, gives us a considerable advantage. Currently there are few suppliers of alternative solvent machines. This seems to give the suppliers a certain degree of power. However, machines are extremely reliable and have a lifespan of almost ten years, thus, limiting the interaction with the supplier. Also, solvents are available from various companies but, levels of usage are not high and their prices have remained static for numerous years without any gaps in supply. Potential start up costs are relatively low

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Ethics of a management accountant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics of a management accountant - Essay Example This paper will discuss the ethics of management accountants and explain why there is a need for standardized code of conduct for the financial management practitioners and management accounting. Ethics refers to the fundamental principles or the moral values and rules that guide human behaviors on whether they are right or wrong on a specified line of profession. Ethics of a managerial accountant are meant to ensure that a certain level of trust is attained within the institutions and beyond. Ethical values in financial management are paramount for maintaining accuracy and proper interpretation and analysis of financial data. These ethical values are meant to eliminate any form of financial discrepancies introduced in books of accounts either intentionally or accidentally. In addition, financial variations have a negative effect on all the stakeholders and the information provided by the accountants is crucial for budgeting purposes by the organization’s top management (Duska, Duska & Ragatz, 2011). Moreover, financial and accounting ethics are very critical in any form of business or organization since it deals with actual facts and figures for institutions forecasting. The business management makes full use of the information provided by the accounting department when reviewing the business objectives and targets and also in the vital decision making situations. In addition, accounting practitioners have full access to sensitive business information and should be handled with great care to maintain organizations trust and confidentiality (Duska, Duska & Ragatz, 2011). Therefore, it is unethical to use this information for personal gain since it would lead to detrimental legal implications. For the above mentioned reasons, financial accounting ethics ascertain that managerial accountants can be trusted with sensitive business information if the enterprise is to realize

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

What causes inflation in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What causes inflation in China - Essay Example Inflation is an economic phenomenon in which prices of goods and services increase gradually over a period of time. It is one of the most important economic problems facing by majority of the countries at present. Even developed countries and rapidly emerging countries are not free from the problems generated by inflation. China is the most rapidly developing country in the world at present. Yet, â€Å"China's inflation rate hit a 10-month high in February, as Lunar New Year festivities drove up food prices. Consumer prices rose 3.2% from a year earlier, with food prices up by 6% (China inflation rate hits 10-month high in February, 2013). This paper analyses the reasons of inflation in China. Causes of inflation in China Even economists are not unique in their opinions about the reasons of inflation. In other words, there are plenty of reasons for inflation in a country. However, two economic theories; Demand pull and cost push inflation theories explain the reasons of inflation co mprehensively. Demand-pull inflation occurs when demand for a good or service increases so much that it outstrips supply. As demand increases, sellers start selling out of the product, and frustrate potential customers. Their next step would be to produce more. However, if supply is constrained, their next step would be to raise prices, creating inflation (Amadeo, 2013). Demand pull inflation is illustrated in the figure given below. Demand pull inflation is a case in which too much money available in the market whereas the availability of goods or services is less. In other words, in economies with demand pull inflation, demand for goods and services will be increased whereas the supply decreased. As a result of that price will be increased. (Monetary Policy - Inflation – Causes, 2012) Demand pull inflation occurs mainly in growing economies. Since China is one of the most rapidly growing economies, demand pull inflation occurs quite frequently. â€Å"China’s broad m oney supply more than doubled in four years, reaching 97.42 trillion yuan (US$15.66 trillion) by the end of 2012, according to central bank figures. Economists blame the unprecedented growth in credit for the inflation and asset bubbles† (Zitan, 2013). Centran bank of China is printing excessive currencies in recent times in order to pump more money into the market and to increase the economic activities. As a result of that asset bubbles are creating major industrial sectors, like real estate industry in China. Asset bubble is an economic phenomenon in which the prices of assets increase sharply. In other words, asset bubble increases the prices of commodities beyond its actual or realistic price. When prices of a commodity increases beyond its actually value, the possibility of sudden collapse of its value cannot be ruled out. In short, when the government pumps more money into the market the value of the commodities increases beyond its actual prices and thereby causing inf lation. Credit or money supply is essential for a country’s economic growth. It has direct relationships with the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country. Economic activities in a country can be sustained only with the help of adequate money supply. However, excessive money supply brings more harm than good. Money supply is usually keeps a ratio of 1 to 1.5 with GDP in developed countries. However, in China’s case, this ratio reached an all-time high 1.88 in 2012 (Zitan, 2013). In terms of credit creation, no country seems to be anywhere near to China. As a result of that asset bubbles or economic bubbles are common in China. Loans made by Chinese banks in recent times are extremely higher compared to that in the past. Thus, Chinese people are getting plenty of money in their hands for purchasing goods and services. When the purchasing abilities of the people increase, economic activities will also be increased. At the same time, price hikes will also take place as a result of the pumping of more money in to the market. Cost push inflation

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Business, Marketing and Finance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business, Marketing and Finance - Coursework Example A company cannot operate without competent leadership that could provide proper direction of the company using clear vision, mission, goals, and strategies. The human resource or their staffs, regardless if they are few, is the backbone of its business relations and operations to provide customer services or to relate with the market where the business establishment is present. Good leadership & staff Good leader or good staff? This researcher asserts that organizational management require both: good leaders and staff. Both are indispensable in organizational management and development. Good business leadership optimize human resources too for good decision-makings to professionally engage their commitments to attain business objectives and goals. Both the management and the staff are indispensable in contributing to the enrichment of the organization and for its operational management to reach targeted outcome. Its structure will often provide or contribute potential support to comp etitive advantage in business management. Both are stakeholders for organizational development and resource generation. Their cognitive abilities and skills are wealth that can be optimized in systematizing organizational management (Covey, 1992, p. 17) Their indispensable mutual assistance in decision-making will also support the business attain a healthy operational condition (Covey, 1992, p. 17) Good leadership is a principle centered-leadership inspired on personal-trustworthiness, interpersonal relational trust, empowerment-sensitive management, and organizational accountability (Covey, 1992). Covey (1992) contended that good business leaders consider all the natural laws, principles and operational frameworks that put virtues and moral responsibility significant in a person’s life, in relations, in contract management and within the core of the organization (Covey, 1992, p. 17). Covey (1992) asserted that effective and efficient leaders adopt on inviolable principles of practicable human nature that are further nurtured by good norms and culture in a society for better social cohesion. Covey (1992) opined that principles are built and nurtured by society and are imbibed in human condition, as well as, in consciousness. Good leaders prefer to adapt on good value system as guidance and direction for better decision-makings, in planning, in enforcing plans, in resolving conflicts, in managing changes, in valuating performances, and in exercising power in organizational development (Covey, 1992, p. 21). This is in correlation to the fact that an organization is not just a simple structure. Its leader must be a representation of great purpose and targeted outcomes rooted from clear planning and execution of coordinated or collaborated tasks to achieve desired outcomes. Covey’s integrated ethical code on business leadership put principles above interests to holistically nurture organizational development toward for a useful institution of the soc iety. Good transformational leaders are therefore essential as managers that could fully assist in the development of a mutually satisfactory business operation and practice that inspire socially acceptable moral imperatives and standards (Covey, 1992, p. 21). Meager capital? Without enough financial capital, a business cannot commence to operate and manage its supply chain. Effective business leadership knows financial management, although meagre, as essential for organizational management because it permeates stakeholders to make accurate decisions

Monday, September 9, 2019

Sustainability and community Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sustainability and community - Research Paper Example This essay discusses that the development of sustainability has become a key priority for governments worldwide. The need for promoting sustainability seems to be mostly related to the severe effects of environmental pollution, as reflected in the worsening of climate worldwide. However, sustainability has been also found to result in the improvement of quality of life and the increase of effectiveness of communities’ infrastructure, as for example through the development of green areas across a city or the establishment of recreation areas for people of all ages. In accordance with a relevant report of the European Commission in 2009, the sustainable development is closely related to the economic development. This means that effective sustainable development plans within a particular community could help towards the improvement of social and economic life of all residents. Sustainability is of critical importance for communities worldwide. In fact, by supporting sustainabilit y communities can serve a series of critical needs: the improvement of infrastructure, meaning especially the transportation system available in each community, the limitation of pollution across the community as this fact would positively influence the lives of the local people, the limitation of energy use across the community and the development of projects for enhancing the local economic life, such as the increase of ecotourism and so on. The above targets can be achieved only through a carefully designed plan of action. At this point it would be important to take into consideration all aspects of such projects, meaning especially the capabilities of each community in terms of infrastructure, financing and human resources (Pierce and Dale 2000). Despite the challenges related to such initiatives it would be quite important for the people in each community to support the particular projects. At this point, it would be necessary to consider the significant effects of environmenta l pollution and of other environmental events on the life of residents. The excess pollution can limit the options of residents in terms of sports and other similar activities (Phillips and Pittman 2009). Also, the lack of appropriate infrastructure, based on the principles of sustainability, can result to the pollution of the community, an effect that can also negatively influence the local agricultural and fishery. Even if the importance of sustainability is significant, as described above, the promotion of sustainability in communities worldwide faces a series of obstacles. In accordance with Mazmanian and Kraft (2009) the reason for the delays in the development of sustainability across communities can be identified in the following fact: the requirements and the role of sustainability, as an element of a community’s strategy, is often not adequately explained. As a result, residents often think of sustainability as of a non-important issue, being regulated through approp riate legislative texts worldwide. On the other hand, not all communities have the resources required for promoting sustainable; reference is made not only to the technical and human resources available for the realization of the above project but rather to the managerial staff supervising these plans. Since sustainability plans can be quite complex it is necessary that appropriately educated and skilled staff participate in the relevant efforts (Mazmanian and Kraft