Overview of HTTPS and VPN

Overview of HTTPS and VPN HTTPS HTTPS (originally developed by Nestscape) stands for HyperText Transport Protocol Secure and is basically similar to an HTTP but uses a Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) as a sublayer for security purposes. It enables secure communication and connection between a remote user and a web server by encrypting and decrypting pages that are requested, delivered and received. For example, while using the web page that has a prefix https://, when the user clicks Send, to transmit the page back to the vendor or service provider, the HTTPS layer from the users browser will encrypt it. Likewise, the acknowledgment returned by or received from the server will also be transmitted in encrypted form, i.e., it will be delivered and will arrive encrypted, in turn to be decrypted for the user by the HTTPS sublayer of the users browser. In the likelihood that connection is compromised and intermediary hackers/attackers acquire the data being transmitted via HTTPS, the information would be undecipherable. Note that the decrypted data arriving at its destination is only as secure as the host computer. (Rouse.) Additionally, secure web sites also typically display a small padlock icon somewhere next to the URL. By clicking the lock icon, one is able to view the secure certificate that authenticates the website. (Christensen.) Not only is it the de facto protocol for conducting sensitive transactions on the web (especially ones that involve credit card and bank account information), it can also protect users from censorship by a government or an ISP.ÂÂ   (ComputerHope.com.) SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is a popular implementation of public-key encryption. Once the browser sends out the public key and the certificate, it checks to make sure that (1)ÂÂ   the certificate is provided by a trusted party; (2) the current certificate is valid; and (3)ÂÂ   the certificate has a relationship with the site generating it. The public key is used to encrypt a randomly selected symmetric key. In other words, most systems use a combination of public key and symmetric key encryption. Under a secure session, one computer creates a symmetric key and sends it to the other computer using public-keyÂÂ   encryption. When the session is completed, each computer disposes the key that was created and that was used for the particular session. For any ensuing sessions, a new symmetric key is created, and the routine is repeated. (ComputerHope.com.) VPN VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a private network that uses a public network to connect remote sites or users together instead of using a dedicated line or physical network connection. The virtual connections are routed through the Internet from a private network (such as a company) to the remote site (such as an employee). The technology enables the creation of an encrypted connection over a less secure network. A well-designed VPN incorporates security, reliability, scalability, network management and policy management (Cisco.com.) Two common types of VPN: Remote-Access (or, Virtual Private Dial-up Network [VPDN]), is a user-to-LAN connection created by a company for its employees who are on various remote locations and who need to connect to the private network. Site-to-Site (categorized into intranets or extranets) uses dedicated equipment and large-scale encryption and can connect multiple fixed sites over a public network such as the Internet, or over a large distance (much like a WAN), with each site needing only a local connection to the same public network. (Cisco.com.) In order to gain access to the private network, a user must first be authenticated by using a unique PIN (personal identification number) and a password. The PIN changes according to a specific frequency, usually every 30 seconds or so. VPN technology uses complex algorithm encryption to guarantee secure and private communicationÂÂ   as well as to prevent any unintentional or unauthorized interception of data between private sites. (whatismyipaddress.com.) Commonality/Difference VPNs use IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) connection to tunnel between the two endpoints and require third-party hardware and/or software. An extra layer of security is provided since in order to access or connect to a VPN, the remote device must have an IPSec client software application installed but must also have it properly configured. In other words, although all data/traffic is encrypted, users on can only access the encrypted applications that they are configured to access in the SSL VPN connection and not the entire network. (Lifewire.com.) HTTPS relies on SSL, which is a common protocol that most web browsers have built in. The secure connection exists between the users browser and the server or a specific web site. All data exchanged between the two are encrypted. Unlike VPN, it does not provide access to anything other than what is currently being communicated. Comparatively, it does not require an authentication code or PIN. Instead it creates a temporary public or symmetric key, which is discarded as soon as the communication is finished.

Exploring the Past Essay

All of us have little secrets which we don’t want to share with others – things which we are ashamed of, things which are too intimate to tell or just things which happened in the past and we don’t want to tell them because they may hurt someone or they may cause troubles to us. I have the perfect example that exploring the past sometimes may be painful. I have a friend – Lora- which is very amorous and gives all of herself for her boyfriend. But her ex one didn’t understand that. Tom – her ex-boyfriend was very weird and he wanted to know all about Lora’s previous relationships. One day he asked her why she has broken up with her last boyfriend. At first she didn’t want to talk about that but he was urging her. So she told Tom that she has betrayed her last boyfriend and that was the reason of their parting. When she has been at a party at a friend of her she has got very drunk and a boy from the party has embraced the opportunity and got alone with her. In the morning she couldn’t remember anything but it has been too late. The lover had gone off. Her only fault was that she had drunk so much but she wasn’t guilty for the rest of the occurrence. But her then boyfriend didn’t understand that and he left her although she loved him very much. As for Tom he thought Lora could do that again. They have been together for two years and he chucked her up because she might repeat the same mistake again. It was such a stupid reason. She could correct her mistake but she loved Tom very much. He loved her too but feelings were obviously insufficient to keep them together. They both pined after each other for a long but they didn’t get together again. We can’t return the time and fix our mistakes, nobody can change the past. So it is extremely purposeless to explore the old times. It’s just a waste of time which we can spend in creating the future.

Changing Face of Indian Advertising Mascots

Air India’s Maharaja which came into existence in the year 1946 and the Amul girl in 1967 are the mascots which captured the hearts of one and all in India. These mascots caught the attention of the consumers as they were charming and connected well with the consumers. Indian corporate have also seen few other mascots like Fido the cool swanky doodle of 7 Up, doughboy the sweet little butler of Godrej Pillsbury, Gattu who build brand Asian Paint, Chintamani who endorsed ICICI, Sunny who is creating magic with Sunfeast. The success of these mascots can be qualified by, the increase in the brand value of these brands consumer connect. Decline of mascot power The Indian market grew at a fast pace in nineties everything from pencils to cars, salt to luxury goods required an advertising campaign this was the time when we saw emergence of celebrity advertising and mascots lost their appeal. We also lived in a time when there was no argument regarding the fact that a celebrity can make or break a brand. The pampering and recognition given to the celebrity in the marketing of the product in some cases was even greater than the product itself. The advertising world, during this time strongly believed that the celebrities transfer their success, personality, status and power to the brand. They attributed reasons for the growth of celebrity endorsements to: †¢ Create great brand awareness for product †¢ Sustaining the brand image †¢ Stimulating and reviving brands †¢ Product association However, the advertising world also realized that many brand ambassadors does not practice what they preach and sometimes controversies and unpleasant incidents connected with the celebrity causes damage. It is also observed that over exposure and multiple endorsements too can damage the image of product. The Indian market which is saturated with celebrity endorsements has seen emergence of the mascots. Emergence of the mascots The courage and optimism that common man of R. K. Laxman portrays and a middle-class Indian, that Chintamani portrays is certainly unmatched but the new age mascots are more attractive, and trendy. The advertisers have become more creative with the use of animation. The new age mascots have a lasting appeal and create a whole new persona for the product. They manage the product as efficiently as a celebrity. Moreover, in the current marketing scenario when the celebrity charisma diminishing away the world of advertising is turning back to mascots. Celebrities get associated with too many products and therefore it is difficult to relate them with one particular brand, which is not the case with the mascots. For an example Shahrukh Khan endorse brands such as Pepsi, Airtel, Santro, Emami , and many more but Fido is just associated with 7Up. The strength of mascots lies in its uniqueness, and its power of effectively communicating the ethos of the brand like, Chintamani solves all our worries related to tax savings and good returns paving a new way for no chinta, Share Khan tell us how to smartly invest in stocks and reap rich dividends, Gattu with the brush in his hand and the smile on his face passes the message that a bright coat of paint will brighten up the house. Moreover the mascots are not as expensive as celebrities. The cost of creating these characters is as low as development of a normal commercial. Lowe Advertising creative director Delna Sethna claims that the first Chintamani ad cost around Rs 7 lakh. Moreover, the animated characters also give more scope for creative-flexibility. Mascots are dynamic and they adapt with changing times. We should acknowledge how the Amul girl in polka dots has changed overtime, and Fido has makeovers with the changing time. The advertising world has also observed that the popularity of any mascot is not only based on the response they get, but also depend on the fact that these faces have a higher recall value. Conclusion The Amul girl was born in 1967 is still a popular mascot. She may soon enter into the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest campaign to survive in the market. This goes on to prove that the mascots are more appropriate brand ambassadors. The impact and success of the mascot, depends on how effectively it conveys the brand values and the ideals that consumers would associate with.

Definition of Collective Noun

Definition: A singular noun that stands for a group of things or beings. In both English and Spanish, collective nouns are commonly used when referring to groups of animals, such as a flock of sheep (un rebaà ±o de ovejas) and a school of fish (un banco de peces). But they are also used in many other contexts as well. It is common to follow a collective noun with the preposition of (de in Spanish) and a plural noun, as in the two examples above, but it is not necessary, especially when the meaning is clear from the context. In standard English, collective nouns, when the subject of a sentence, are typically used with a singular verb: The class of students studies hard. In Spanish, a verb that immediately follows a collective noun is singular: La gente tiene mucho dinero. (The people have a lot of money. Note that this is an example of a Spanish singular noun that normally requires a plural translation in English.) But when there is a plural noun between the collective noun and verb, either a singular or plural verb can be used in everyday speech and writing, with the plural verb probably being more common. Thus you might hear both La bandada de pà ¡jaros se acercà ³ (The flock of birds approached, singular verb) and La bandada de pà ¡jaros se acercarà ³n (The flock of birds approached, plural verb), with no appreciable difference in meaning. Also known as: Nombre colectivo in Spanish. Examples: group of people (grupo de personas), team (equipo), a score of years (una veintena de aà ±os), den of lions (guarida de leones)

Heaneys Childhood Memories in Poems Mid-Term Break and...

Heaneys Childhood Memories in Poems Mid-Term Break and Follower Seamus Heaney is an established Irish poet who was born on April 13th 1939. He was the oldest of nine children and was brought up on a remote farm in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. He has a lot of typically Irish memories which he includes in his poems. The three main memories that he brings up in the two poems Mid-Term Break and Follower are the death of his brother Christopher, farm life and breaking the family tradition. At 18, Heaney left his small village to pursue his English career, unaware of just how talented a poet he was. It wasnt until he attended Queens College to study a degree in English and got involved with†¦show more content†¦Heaney is able to do this by not showing any emotion at all from himself, but from other peoples reactions to the circumstances. Heaney actually wrote this poem 13 years after the incident, so it is clear this has deeply affected him emotionally. There are many people in Mid-Term Break. Each of these people is significant. Heaney is the most important, because the poem is describing his memory. However, because Heaney is writing as an observational poet, without the other characters emotions, the poem would be bland and without feeling. In the first stanza, you find out that it is written in the first person narrative and the persona is most likely to be Heaney himself. It begins in the college sick bay, where Heaney has been waiting all morning, not knowing why. At this point, Heaney could be feeling bored, isolated and lonely. It would give him time to analyse the situation, and think why he had been sent there. The poem suggests he was there for a long time by using phrases like: I sat all morning.... and Counting bells knelling classes to a close. The first phrase used obviously referred to how long he had been there, but the second was a little harder to fathom. 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Almost all of Wordsworths poems share a common factor, which is nature. However, in his work, Wordsworth does not simply just describe nature or the natural environment; instead, he relates it to himself and explores his emotions towards it. Within his poetry, Wordsworth Read MoreEssay on Seamus Heaneys Background and Poetry3041 Words   |  13 PagesSeamus Heaneys Background and Poetry Seamus Heaney had a Roman Catholic upbringing in a rural area of Northern Ireland. How does his poetry reflect his background? Heaneys poetry is able to reflect his background by his use of language and the technique he expresses his experiences. I will cover his background into three sections: his childhood, the community and his reflections. I will start by looking at his feelings and experiences in the poem Death of a Naturalist. The poet

Foreign Powers During The Middle East - 1800 Words

The majority of Middle Eastern countries have suffered for decades under authoritarian regimes and have not succeeded at reforming their oppressive policies or at democratizing. There have been arguments made stating that it is nearly impossible for the Middle East to democratize and that as a region, democracy will not work. There was also another argument made stating that Islam does not allow for democracy to exist. Both these arguments ignore the history of the region, in which foreign powers have had a lot of influence, and have created the oppressive regimes that are present currently in the region. Foreign factors have played a great role in inhibiting any reforms from taking place in the region. Foreign powers entered the Middle East for its resources, took what they needed from the region then abandoned it. These countries were required to build and strengthen their economies suddenly after years of being controlled by foreign powers. The curse of oil in the Middle East has also played a role in inhibiting political and economic reforms from taking place. Oil rich countries have had significantly less political reforms over the past decades, as seen clearly in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, regional factors such as the Israeli occupation of Palestine, have also inhibited reform in that part of the region. Foreign and regional factors have inhibited political and economic reform in the Middle East, however, each country in the Middle East has had a different historyShow MoreRelatedThe Eisenhower Doctrine Of The Middle East1587 Words   |  7 Pages The Eisenhower Doctrine in the Middle East Mahmoud Mseddi History Society L2G1 Mediterranean School of Business November 29, 2015 â€Æ' The Eisenhower Doctrine in the Middle East Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was the 34th president of the United States of America and was in office from 1953 until 1961. 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Case Study on Ikea Ethics For Managers

Question: Discuss about theCase Study on Ikeafor Ethics For Managers. Answer: Introduction Business ethics is an integration of the core components of the philosophy of ethics with the various business activities and the functioning of the organization. It includes the various decisions made in production as well as the distribution of the services and physical commodities being sold by the company. The effective utilization of the goods and service too comes under the purview of the code of ethics that is essential to generate good will and ensure the continued success of the business entity. IKEA has a tradition of appearing to follow a decentralized management style. However, appearances tend to be deceptive and the final decisions are all made by Ingvar Kamprad, the founder of the company (Milne, 2013). Objective The primary objective of the study is to identify the various ethical issues being faced by IKEA in order of priority and identify how the most significant among them has been addressed by the company. The Most Significant Ethical Issues IKEA has Faced in the Past Among the list of ethical issues faced by IKEA in the past, the one that stands out is the ability to maintain its strong sense of identity and culture that has been part f the company image since its inception more than 70 years ago. The significant changes in the manner of conducting business as well as the various socio-cultural differences that it needs to tactically handle as part of its international growth are issues that have been at the forefront of the organizations ethical dilemma. Key decision makers in any business, managers regardless of their level in an organization need to ensure that they need to function within the parameters set by law as well as ensure that the interests of all stakeholders are honored to the best possible manner (Iqbal, et al. 2012). Managers, by virtue of their role in the organization are the interface between management and staff as well as between company and stakeholders (Scandelius and Cohen, 2016). This unique position often puts them in position where they need to be held accountable for their various decisions made on behalf of the company or for enforcing decisions made by the top management. The manager in any organization is thus in a position to ensure that he continues to be the face of the company by advocating the expected code of ethical conduct, but also in ensuring that the same is reflected in all levels of the organization. The code of business ethics thus needs to be applied not just to the organization but also to each and every individual member who is part of the company regardless of his role in the functioning of the business. Thus, the company has always operated on a uncompromising code of conduct as laid down by Kamprad, who despite his advancing years and the passive role in the day to day functioning of IKEA has always ensured that the ethical code of conducting business be adhered to at all times. While the organization has had to deal with matters like poor quality of merchandise as well as shortfalls in customer service, the genius and thinking of Kamprad has stood the business in good stead, in all their expansion and growth plans. He has ensured that while the baton has been passed on and each of his sons' is serving in a position of power, the final word always remains his. Despite his rather laid back approach, Kamprad has been able to correct many of the mistakes made through measures like a surge in the opening of new stores without adequate time and effort put in to ensure its economic viability. He has been able to tone down the aggressive approach and push IKEA into an expansion- consolidation-growth-consolidation expansion strategy instead of the exclusive importance given to expansion alone. Impact of Vision, Mission and Code of Practice on Business Ethics at IKEA IKEA has a strong foundation and a clearly laid out vision and mission. The code of business ethics in the organization has been followed since its inception and is well defined. By communicating these to all stakeholders, particularly newer employees, the company would be able to ensure that the business does not have to face issues similar to that faced by it in the past (Jonikas, 2012). This includes the sudden surge of expansion and new stores that have been a significant dent on finances, without being able to substantiate the investment through returns. Furthermore, the loss of brand image bought about through concerns with regards to poor merchandise and the quality of customer care are also equally important. All Swedish companies including IKEA are committed to ensuring that the business uses the best of raw materials and practices to ensure consistency and durability in the product line, thus ensuring that the business continues to flourish at all times. When considering this disclosure from an ethical perspective, it seems obvious that business ethics is what sets apart the giants from the masses. Just as each society makes and enforces its own laws and regulations, so too do all successful organizations. The only difference being that the laws of the organization are subject to the laws of the host country but not vice versa. Thus, any organization like IKEA which operates in several countries always faces a moral dilemma since its business ethics may not be consistent with the laws of each host country. Management is thus faced with the primary responsibility to understand as well as implement ethical behavior as per the companys code of conduct but also ensure that it remains within the legal boundaries of the host country. For instance, companies operating in the Middle East would ensure that their employees respect the code of conduct of the local host country and not conduct business as it would be done in Europe or America. IKEA and Carrolls Four Part Model of Corporate Social Responsibility The four part model refers to the legal, economic, discretionary and ethical expectations that society places on business organizations, which lays the foundation to frame the responsibilities of the organization to the society at large (Carroll, 1991). The economic responsibilities refer to economic considerations like creation of jobs and timely payment of taxes that society expects from all business entities. Profits are rewards given to the business for fulfilling its economic responsibilities. Legal responsibilities refer to the legal framework of a country within which business entities operate. This includes compliance with state, federal and local regulations and fulfilling all legal obligations to society. Ethical responsibilities include embracing practice and standards not laid out in the letter of low. For instance, the Arabian countries are not extremely keen on negotiating with women and all companies operating there respect this despite there being no laws in this rega rd. Discretionary responsibilities include corporate philanthropy through various measure that help give back to the local community that natures the business. This could be through medical drives, medical camps, community service and so on. At IKEA, the company takes its social responsibility seriously and the economic responsibilities are fulfilled by ensuring that natives form host countries are employed in all stores across the world. On the legal front, IKEA is committed to ensuring that it does not trespass or violate the legal norms set in place b the host governments. It continues to honor all legally binding regulations and local laws in all countries of operations. The ethical initiatives include the measures put in place to reduce carbon footprints, initiatives to protect the environment and so on that are not mandated by several governments but continue to be part of the ethical practices followed at IKEA. The discretionary responsibility at IKEA refers to the various initiatives like the building of a Syrian home in its flagship store so as to spread awareness and build up a sizable collection for refugees in war torn Syria (Garfield, 2016). Classification of IKEAs Key Stakeholders According to the Stakeholder salience theory by Mitchell, Agle and Wood; IKEAs key stakeholders may be classified on the basis of their relationships attributes. The three key attributes that are considered are urgency, legitimacy and power (Mitchell et al, 1997). They state that since it is not possible to satisfy all stakeholders simultaneously, the crisis type based on the above classification would help crisis managers give appropriate weight age to each stakeholder. At IKEA the key stakeholder would be the shareholder, the employees, the suppliers and the end customers. Based on the Stakeholder Salience Theory, urgency must be accorded to suppliers without whose support production lines would dry up. However, power rests with employees and they must be provided for as well as included in all important decision making to ensure that the smooth functioning of the company are not affected. The legitimacy, on the other hand, remains with the stakeholders and the top management who m ake the financial and other major decisions for the company. Crisis management is an important aspect of business management and continues to influence the working of organizations since this core skill is needed to ensure smooth functioning at all times (Iqbal, et al. 2012). The crisis management group would evaluate the weight age to be accorded to each group listed above and fulfill their aspirations in the order of priority. Generally the maximum priority is given to suppliers and employees since their co-operation is essential for the smooth functioning of the organization (Iqbal, et al. 2012). IKEA and Sustainability Sustainability at IKEA is intrinsically linked to the manner in which the age old traditions and ideology can be comfortably lined to the modern methods of doing business. Trust is the primary factor that is essential in all dealing with customers, both internal and external. The management must ensure that it is transparent and follows a more participative management style, while continuing to espouse the ideology of Kamprad. Managers are tasked with the responsibility to understand the business ethics of the organization and practice ethical behavior in line with organizational philosophy. Their responsibilities include leading by example and eliminating ambiguity that is part of the ethical practices for multinationals. Sustainability is a key consideration with all Swedish brands and IKEA is no exception (Gad and Moss, 2008). They look forward to the strategic advantages that sustainable practices help them achieve as well as the methods by which this advantage can be converted i nto profits and goodwill (Neville, 2016). Social responsibility, ethical behavior, conformance to local laws and regulations as well as ethical practices, is just some of the commonly seen traits with all Swedish brands including IKEA (The IKEA group approach to sustainability, 2016). IKEA has reaped several benefits from the various sustainability initiatives in place including the high standards of quality that are intrinsic to the company image and brand name. The furniture style is bold with classical and timeless lines that ensure that the furniture stays in fashion even after countless years. The durability and the timeless nature of its products are just one of the advantages of IKEA furniture. The same is reflected in the sustainability practices at IKEA and includes its commitment to be relying completely on only renewable sources of energy by 2020 (Holder, 2016). The company has made significant investments in solar panels and wind farms worldwide to ensure that its meets this commitment on time. In addition, this initiative by IKEA also helps place it away from the vulgarizes of being at the mercy of electric companies to improve its production schedules. The ideology is inculcated in employees who are also adopting the measures to ensure that the compa ny achieves its objectives on time and thus fulfils its commitments to society and environment (Kelly-Detwiler, P. 2016). Ethical Communication and Practices at IKEA The negative or positive impact on stakeholders in any business is personified by the behavior of the managers. Activities, policies and objectives of any business organization would have a positive or negative impact on its stakeholders, including owners, employees suppliers customers, retailers, distributors, shareholders ad the local community. Civil rights groups, civic authorities, local and state governments, labor unions, special interest groups and environmental groups are also impacted by the working of the business. Unethical practices tend to have far reaching implications on all stakeholders regardless of the depth of their association. The saving grace is limited to the depth of the association and therefore its impact. Organizations like IKEA need to be ethical in all its communications and practices to ensure that such a potentially dangerous situation does not arise (Scandelius and Cohen, 2016). Being in the business of furniture, IKEA is known for its solid, classica l lines and strength of furniture. Thus, any issues regarding lack of quality would impact the international image of the company and not just a local store where the issues have come to light. The major issues that have been seen at IKEA have occurred when communication lines within the organization were flawed. Thus, it goes without saying that ethical communications and polices are the key factors to be considered when looking at business ethics at IKEA. While ethical dilemmas continue to be a matter of concern, the open and transparent two way communication being enforced in the company lately is a positive step towards ensuring that the framework for dealing with the various issues that may arise is in place. Recommendation for Future Business Practices Based on the analysis of previous issues faced by the company as well as the possibility of potential problems that may arise in the coming years the following recommendations have been made for IKEA The company must communicate its mission, vision, objectives and code of ethical practices to all employees. This practice must be completed as part of the HR training and included in all refresher training modules as well. Thus, the negative fallouts of following practices that are not in line with company policies, missions, vision and objectives is eliminated. The expansion and growth must adhere to company standards and policies. There should be no attempt to chase numbers without consolidating the position of the company at all times. Thus, it means that regardless of the urge to show a higher figure, the company must follow its tried and tested success formulae of gradual expansion rather than running to capture markets without consolidating its position in established markets. The same ideology and vision must be depicted by all employees of IKEA regardless of the length of their association with the company or the role that they play within the organization. By ensuring that the company is able to ensure consistency in the rand image of the organizational across all verticals as well as all areas of operations, IKEA is ensuring that there is no possibility of errors or fallouts like poor customer service or product supply. While factors like health benefits and pension plans have certain mandatory levels set by various host countries, IKEA would be better placed by ensuring that it follows a universal plan for all its employees regardless of the country of operations. This would ensure that the organization is able to retain employees who would have the best interests of the company at heart. This would not only eliminate several redundancies like shrinking employee loyalty and high attrition ratio, but also ensure that the company enjoys a high employability index globally. This simple initiative would help signal that IKEA believes in practicing ethical practices and expects the same from all employees across the board. Conclusion An efficient manager needs to ensure that he is acting ethically and legally. There exist several parallels between business ethics and the legal framework that they tend to complement each other beautifully. 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